Sustainable Energy Progress via Integration of Thermal Energy Storage and Other Performance Enhancement Strategies in FPCs: A Synergistic Review

Flat plate collectors (FPCs) are the leading solar thermal technology for low-medium range temperature applications. However, their expansion in developing countries is still lacking because of poor performance. Improving performance flat a crucial concern addressed this review This study comprehensively discussed improvement methods FPCs, such as design modification, reflectors, working fluid, and energy storage materials, by covering current issues future recommendations. Design factors coating glass cover thickness, thickness absorber material, air gap between plate, riser spacing, along with insulation examined impact on FPC Absorber changes selective coatings improving heat transmission rate fluid critical enhancing collectors’ output. The nanofluids utilization improved FPC’s terms energetic exergetic outcomes 20–30% range. Moreover, adding unit extends operating hours output fluctuations FPCs. Research suggests that employing turbulators transfer fluids particularly effective comprehensive serves tool evaluating comparing various augmentation techniques, aiding selection most suitable option.